Prejudice on to kill a mockingbird 1 Essay

Prejudice is a negative aspect of society that has unfavorably affected many different people. In the novel, racial prejudice is evident but there are more types of prejudice on the novel. We said that racial prejudice is evident because in the novel a black man (Tom Robinson) was caused from raping a woman named Mayella Ewell and therefore had to go to trial. There were many points of view with regard to the case of Tom Robinson, but of course all influenced by prejudice because the color of Tom. The people of Maycomb town thought that Tom was guilty. Atticus and children (Scout, Jem, and Dill) thought that he was innocent. When we read this we can see that the prejudice is an important theme in the novel. For this reason it is necessary to make an analysis of this topic. People of Maycomb town always knew what the verdict of the trial was going to be (the judicial system was full of prejudice), even though some of them deep down knew that Tom was innocent, he don’t rape Mayella. [1]. Maycomb, like most small southern towns, has a problem with widespread racism (type of prejudice) toward African American people. As Maycomb was a small town with little or no new residents, people living there formed prejudices about various families over the generations. Social prejudice in Maycomb caused families to be stereotyped, which had a negative impact on members of those various families as it caused their character to become ‘fixed’ just by their household name. It also had a negative impact on the individual residents of Maycomb, causing them to have unequal treatment. An example of this prejudice is the rejection attitude of the town to Boo Radley, only because he is a Radley . Prejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird can be categorized into three forms, social prejudice, racial prejudice and gender prejudice.

Our War On Drugs Essay

A drug can be described as a chemical substance that influences how an individual’s body and mind works (Rees 2005 p. 5). It is uncommon today to hear the word drugs on televisions and read them in magazines. Drugs are virtually everywhere and there is continual development of these drugs. They are used by people for various reasons ranging from medicinal to recreational purposes. Drugs that are taken as medicines include antibiotics and penicillin among others. However some drugs are illegal. They include: cocaine, ecstasy, marijuana, cannabis, heroin, crack, methamphetamines, LSD (acid), alcohol and magic mushrooms. These illegal drugs are also known as recreational drugs and many are gotten from plants growth in various parts of the world. Amphetamines are drugs that can be inhaled, or eaten in form of tables. Heroin is smoked or taken as an injection. Marijuana on the other hand consists of a brown resin. It is mostly smoked in cigarettes and it can also be eaten (Rees 2005 p. 30). Abuse of drug use is known as drug addiction. When a person constantly takes these illegal drugs for recreational purposes this addiction develops as a process and not instantly. Addiction to drugs affects individuals of multicultural, geographically diverse, across gender and racial classes. The initial steps are very moderate but their increased use results to a state of life threatening situation. Withdrawals are hardly achieved as the issue becomes of medical concern. Those who abuse drugs have their various reasons. They argue that drugs help them alleviate stress, boosts their morale and confidence, makes them feel good about themselves among many other things. Drug abuse has various adverse effects. Some of the effects include rises in blood pressure, vomiting, impairs memory and judgment capability of an individual. Other effects are poor decision making, accidents, impaired health and poor relationships. The consequences of these are physical, psychological and emotional instability on the drug abuser. The individual hence suffers from depression (Rick 2005 p30) A large number of people who abuse drugs decide to quit at some point but this is often difficult since once a person is addicted to drugs, it is almost impossible to avoid taking them as they mostly experience withdrawal symptoms. The symptoms are for instance body aches, sweating, and flu in the case of heroin. Nicotine on the other hand results to fatigue and premature aging affecting the skin, body shape and body weight. On the other hand, fast withdrawals could result to dangerous impacts. For instance tranquilizers could be dangerous resulting in high blood pressure, vomiting, temperature and stomach cramps (Rees 2005 p. 42) Our War on Drugs The war on drugs is a move undertaken by the United States including help from other participating countries whose priority is to eliminate trade in illegal drugs. It traces its origin way back in 1880 where there was a memorandum of understanding between United States and China to prohibit trade in opium between the two countries (http://www. nh-dwi. com/caip-213. htm). Today in America, mostly the youth experiment with these illegal drugs and they do it for various reasons. Some do it for recreational purposes whereas others are simply addicts as they cannot do without them. The United States government and the general public have become concerned about drug abuse and addiction. The government became more concerned about the issue in the 1960s when the youth mostly college students protested against the Vietnam war and in the 1960s and 1970s they began using licit and illicit drugs on a large scale for the first time (Fleckenstein Hanson & Venturelli 2005 p. 125). As a starting point the United States government introduced new strategies for tackling this issue of drug use and abuse. These strategies include demand reduction, inoculation, supply reduction, interdiction and drug courts. The use of drug courts has become a common strategy. The supply reduction is a strategy aimed at reducing and controlling supply of illegal drugs. Demand reduction aims at reducing the individuals’ tendencies to abuse drugs especially the youth. It places emphasis on reforming behaviors. Inoculation on the other hand attempts to protect drug users by informing them on their responsibilities. Drug courts on the other hand integrate incentives, sanctions, treatment and ensure that nonviolent drug addicts are placed in rehabilitation programs. Lastly interdiction is a policy aimed at stopping the supply of these illicit drugs (Fleckenstein, Hanson & Venturelli, 2005 p. 25). In the United States of America, there are quite a number of law enforcements Acts on drugs that have been established to control drug abuse. They include: Harrison Acts that looks into the production, sale, importation and distribution of opium. The other Act is the Narcotic Drug Import and Export Act aimed at alleviating use of narcotics but it is exceptional for medicinal and other legitimate use. Heroin Act of 1924 prohibited the manufacturing of drugs. The Marijuana Tax Act also controlled the production, sale and distribution of marijuana. The Opium Pappy Control Act restricted the cultivation of opium poppies in the United States except if one is licensed to do so. Narcotics control act on the other hand intended to establish suffer penalties to individuals who broke the marijuana or narcotics laws. Drug Abuse Control Amendments (DACA) was established to adopt stuff controls over barbiturates, amphetamines, LSD among others moreover; the Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act (NARA) was established to rehabilitate drug addicts in the three programs that is voluntary, sentencing to death addicts who are convicted and the pretrial civil commitment. In 1988, the Anti-Drug Abuse Act introduced the office of National Drug Control to oversee policies on research controlling drug abuse. Lastly the 2000 Drug Addiction Treatment Act gave a go ahead to physicians to prescribe narcotics for the treatment of oploid addiction (Fleckenstein, Hanson & Venturelli, 2005 p. 135). The white House National Drug Control Strategy in 2006 declared it stand and wish to balance the reduction in supply and demand of illegal drugs in the United States of America. It also outlined programs intended to curb abuse of drugs. In the same year, the National Drug Control Strategy pointed out its aim of supporting random student testing, intervention, screening, prevention, treatment and support for drug courts examining methamphetamines and making the United States southwest border secure (uninfo. state. gov/xarchives/display. gtm/? p. ). Another regulatory law enforcement body concerning drug abuse in the United States is the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Its mission is to control drugs and provide laws and regulations regarding drug abuse. The National Drug control Strategy established a ten year plan to reduce drug abuse. It also aims at reducing America’s demand for drugs by offering treatment and supply through law enactments (http://www. usembassy-mexico. gov/bbfbfdossier-combDrogas. htm). The above drug laws indiscriminate use of drugs and it is through the legislation that licit and illicit drugs are determined. The government of the United States tries to meet public needs and control pressure through these rules and regulations. Due to the advancement in technology in today’s society, trained experts and government agencies provide information and protection on drug abuse. Are we winning the war on drugs? In my opinion, I do not believe that we are winning the war on drugs. I have based my judgment according to various reasons. Since the prohibition of drug abuse in 1937 in the United States of America; marijuana once considered for Mexican immigrants has been actively used by 20-37% of the youth in the United States. The same applies to the use of cocaine, ecstasy and methamphetamines (World Drug Report, 2000). The continual trade in drugs is also another factor that has severely affected efforts by the government to prevent drug abuse and addiction. The United States of America is largely affected more so because of its population and largest budget that focuses on enforcement. President George W. Bush in February 2002 established a National Drug Control Strategy based on the Principles of stopping the usage of drugs, disrupting the market and curing America’s drug addicts (Policy and Program Development, 2002). Evidence also shows that the criminal law in the United States has had only small success in preventing drug abuse. It is approximated that in 2004, 39% of students in the 12th grade used an illicit-drug, 34% was marijuana, cocaine 5% and LSD 2%. Also, those aged 12 and above who use illegal drugs as estimated by National Survey is 19. 5 million in the United States (Fleckenstein, Hanson & Venturelli, 2005 p. 140). In the United States, family structures have changed considerably having half of all women working outside home and the divorce rate is quite high. This has affected the nurturing of children by all these single parents. Family and friends have also contributed to the increasing drug abuses since they are ready to bail out and offer excuses for those who have been convicted (Fleckenstein, Hanson & Venturelli, 2005 p. 40). To conclude, it is therefore evident that the war on drugs is still far from being over. It is therefore essential that the society works hard to stop abuse of drugs which is causing deaths on a massive scale. It is essential for individuals to know that the effects of drugs on the social life, economic life, emotional and spiritual life are adverse. The extreme case of addiction to these drugs is the exposure of the individual person to death.

Distributive Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Distributive Justice - Essay Example That is, if the level of goods to be distributed is low, distribution by the market may be enough. But if everyone has to be supplied with enough or more of welfare protections, the state may need to interfere. This can be done by redistributing the goods so as to correct market imperfections. On the other hand, if everyone has to have an equal share of all goods, the state will have to be solely responsible for distributing the goods. Then, private property and the market may have no role. It is understood that distributive justice is necessary to justify property rights, and that it may even involve a rejection of private property. Those influential minority of citizens and theorists who believe that protecting property rights is the central job of justice, question whether distributive demands is actually a justice. The ancient and the modern meanings of the term "Distributive justice" are very different. That is, in the Aristotelian sense, "distributive justice" was related to the distribution of political status, in the sense that deserving people were rewarded in accordance to their merits and their qualities, and everyone got what they deserved. It was not relevant at all to property rights. The ancient principle was related to the distribution of goods on the basis of merit while the modern one demands a distribution regardless and independent of merit. The modern principle believes that everyone deserves some basic goods regardless of their merit and that merit making should begin only after some basic necessities like housing, health care, and education have been distributed to everyone. This modern principle is quite different from what Aristotle meant when he wrote about political status being distributed on the basis of social or moral status. According to the modern principle, everyo ne deserves these basic necessities on the virtue of being human. And since everybody is equal, it has to be distributed equally among people. Formally, justice has been understood to be a rational, enforceable, and practicable virtue. That is because it is actually rational, can be enforced and is practical. It is seen as a secular and rational virtue across different cultures and historical periods, unlike virtues like wisdom or charity which is mostly specific to religions and cultures. This is because the demands of justice can be explained and justified without any relation to religious beliefs and should be a virtue that governments should enforce. Justice should be the prime norm guiding political activity and should be one of the practical and readily achievable goals of the state. We can safely say that promoting belief in Christianity or enlightenment through Buddhism cannot be held as a project for justice because their goodness cannot be explained in terms of secularism or rationality. Similarly, friendship and its associated warmth, although a good thing to almost everyone, cannot be considered an object of jus tice because it is not an enforced virtue, but is dependent on the un-coerced feelings of individuals towards each other or amongst themselves. Thus, virtues related to religion and culture and feelings like friendship cannot be considered a matter of justice. Also, guarantee of freedom from illnesses and diseases cannot be considered a project of justice because, at least so far, it has been an impossible task to attain. Moving on to its substantial features, it is generally understood that justice is a virtue that protects

PR analysis of J crew Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PR analysis of J crew - Essay Example Such strategies would also entail strategic use of the inner potentials and the lessening of internal weaknesses towards the overall goal of improving the profitability, brand image, and general performance of the company. According to Spencer and Rose (2010), J. Crew is an American multi-brand and multi-channel company that is based in New York, USA. The company remains one of the most recognized retailers in apparel and accessories, which is known for stylish products, good quality, and proper customer service. The products, which it offers, range from those for women and men to children clothing. These clothing include swimwear, outwear, belts, and loungewear. Apart from the clothing, it also offers bags and even hair accessories. It was started in 1989 by opening its first retail outlet in the south street seaport in Manhattan. Today, the company has more than 330 retail stores throughout the U.S. with about 13,100 employees. Due to its diversified products, this company falls in various industries, which include the clothing stores, retail sector, shoe stores, non-store retail, internet, and mail order retail industries. However, just like any other company, J. Crew has its own strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The company has for example been said to be lagging behind in social media and seems to have lost focus on their target customer. This has complicated matters for a company, which has well established competitors in its overcrowded retail environment. The company can therefore not avoid the need for a well-integrated PR program that can help it in connecting with its targeted audience in a meaningful way to win back their loyalty for the brand. Past and recent analyses establish the need for the improving the company’s potential through a strategic engagement of the various issues that attend to the issues of financial growth. Customer attraction and retention remain the major factors that shall

Virgin Atlantic Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virgin Atlantic - Case Study Example They use a mixed Boeing and Airbus fleet, operating between Australia, Asia, the Caribbean, Middle East, Africa, North America, and the UK from bases at Heathrow and Gatwick airports. Virgin Atlantic also operates domestic flights in the UK from March 2013. Virgin Atlantic had 5.3 million passengers in 2011, which makes it the 8th largest airline in the UK. Political influences Tax policies have influenced the airline heavily over the years. Because of its globalization strategy, the different tax policies used by different countries have had an effect on costs. Increased environmental demands by environmentalists have forced Virgin Atlantic to reduce cargo weight and aircraft weight to reduce pollution. This has made Virgin Atlantic research into bio-fuels. Employment laws have also been tightened following cabin crew strikes. In addition, terrorist threats have made Virgin Atlantic take out insurance policies for their crew. Economic factors There is an increasing trend where major ity of countries are seeing decreasing GDP because high unemployment levels and high living standards. This has seen decreasing numbers of clients for Virgin Atlantic. The recent recession has also affected consumer frequency and forced Virgin Atlantic to reduce flights. High exchange rates have also affected Virgin Atlantic due to increased oil prices, resulting in increased airfare. Finally, the increase of interest rates because of slow economic growth, which has seen Virgin Airlines increase airfare because of increased payments on overdrafts and loans. Social factors Various countries practice different religions, and this has made Virgin Atlantic take their staff for training to handle different clients with differing religious beliefs. With different age groups of consumers, Virgin Airlines has installed entertainment for children going on holiday, for instance. Virgin Atlantic, because of its globalization strategy, has also had to train its staff in different languages beca use of the global nature of its clients. Finally, Virgin Atlantic has undertaken various social responsibilities like slum upgrading in Kenya and home sanctuaries for white rhinos and other endangered species. Technological factors These factors influence the lowering of entry barriers for new services and reduction of minimum efficient production. Some include R&D, for example, because of the increased air pollution, Virgin Atlantic undertaken research on the bio-fuel use. In addition, they have also introduced office equipment with internet facilities to cater for business travelers. Technology has also enabled them to communicate with clients, for example, for booking of flights. 2. At Corporate Level there are alternative strategic options for growth that an organisation can take in terms of choices about products or markets. The Ansoff Matrix can be used to identify various strategies that could be adopted by an organisation to pursue growth. Using the Ansoff Matrix, and making reference to examples, evaluate the various strategies that Virgin Atlantic could consider in order to pursue growth to develop their competitive position. Of the four market/product strategies that Ansoff identified, the strategies that Virgin Atlantic is implementing are market expansion or penetration and development of products. These specific strategies come with low risk levels and medium levels of risk for Virgin Atlantic as; indeed, it does for all other companies. The evidence for the strategy of market

Marketing Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Marketing Planning - Essay Example The marketing planning is thus required to first inspect the mission and vision objectives in the light of data obtained from changing external scenario through conducting marketing surveys. Use of information technology is also considered as an effective tool to gain potential data about changes in consumer preference patterns. With such data in hand analysis should be made pertaining to the internal strengths and weaknesses of the concern to help counter the external changes. Further the marketing plans for a company are required to encompass several strategic models to analyse the potential of the company in gaining on in changing market opportunities. Similarly the product, pricing, distribution and communication strategies need also be developed to effectively penetrate the consumer sphere. Finally owing to the changes being brought in the strategic marketing sphere the company needs to design an effective budget to help meet the needed changes. The business corporation is also required to render effective controls over the activities and modifications brought about in the managerial implications to render effectiveness in meeting changed objectives (Neves, 2003, p.9-10). An evaluation of Nokia’s capability for future marketing planning (LO 1.2) Nokia to compete in the international gaming market and thereby to counter competitive threat from companies like Sony and Nintendo came out with a product development venture. The product developed was named as N-Gage which penetrated the consumer gaming market through working on high quality gaming software. However the initial product was launched in the market by the company without conduct a pre-test of consumer and market ideologies. N-Gage in the initial stage gained a rapid market acceptance for having highly innovative features that at that time exceeded expectations of the consumers. However of late Nokia started facing criticisms from the consumer sphere in that they wanted a more customised gamin g product that wound render larger number of gaming variants at highly affordable prices. Again, the N-Gage failed to satisfy the communication features of a phone for it required to be held in a lateral position to the face while talking which made the whole process quite cumbersome. Nokia honoured the criticisms from the consumers and thereby focused on designing and modifying the N-Gage into N-Gage QD. This product launched reflected a better battery life with a wide and bright screen. It also reflected better controls over the game by the consumer. However the initial failure of Nokia to gauge the needs and desires of the consumers led the other competitors to design and modify their own products and this led in enhancing the competitiveness of Nokia in the gaming market (Parasuraman, Grewal and Krishnan, 2009, p.6). Details of techniques for organisational auditing and analysis of external factors that may affect marketing planning (LO 1.3) Techniques for Organisational Auditin g Organisational auditing is conducted by an auditor through some specific techniques or

Issue 3 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Issue 3 - Coursework Example Today, all public organizations are required to comply with the act. Additionally, SOX keeps check of the accountability standards for directors, the legal counsel, and auditors. SOX does not affect the corporate financial aspect only, but also the IT department that is tasked with storing and maintaining the corporate electronic records in a cost effective way. The management of the records involves storage of all business records following the required guidelines set for public accountants. Because of its stringent measures, it is believed that SOX will review its policies and the requirements may be reduced significantly and countries like the UK may implement their own version of Sarbanes Oxley as it is part of the existing legislation. SOX require that both the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Controller certify that financial reports are accurate and complete. It is also their responsibility to assess and report on the effectiveness of the financial reports. An auditing firm should review these reports annually (Graziano, 2003). Moreover, it is a requirement that the issuers publish their annual reports in regards to the internal control structure and policies. The accounting firm that is registered should provide a report that shows the effectives of these structures. For the purposes of effectiveness of internal controls over the financial reports, companies should watch and control the amount of fraud that may occur in the organization. Additionally, the weaknesses in the materials as well as the internal control deficiencies in relation to Sarbanes Oxley should be reviewed. For those companies that are Sarbanes-Oxley compliant, they must have a documentation that shows all their internal contro l processes that are tested by the external auditors. The act has been successful in its implementation of improving the internal control levels within the registered companies (Graziano, 2003). On the other hand, the act has been

Marketing channel proposal for bank of America Essay

Marketing channel proposal for bank of America - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that marketing channels are important to a firm’s distribution objectives. The first is specialization and the second is contractual efficiency. The principle of specialization refers to the assignment of distribution tasks to firms that possess the necessary expertise. The paper presents the opening a 200 branch retail network embedded within the BS network. The marketing channel has two important parts: the physical distribution structure that moves a product from the manufacturer to the consumer or user and the consequent marketing structure that is established as a part of the channel of distribution to ensure the manufacturer that all marketing objectives are accomplished. The primary marketing objective of Bank of America is to profitably reach as many potential consumers of their products as soon as possible. The bank branch remains a viable and important delivery channel for retail banking customers and is the primary locatio n for new product sales. The Bank of America still expresses a need for the traditional bank branch. The advantages of a retail bank branch are security, branch business productivity and continuity, financial transactions, risk management, compliance with new regulations and preserving customer trust by building customer trust. Moreover, a bank branch can implement multiple sales promotions the whole year through sales contests and incentives; and special promotional deals (e.g., discounts offered during a specified period of time). Pull promotions are directed at end-use customers and are designed to encourage them to request a product from channel members such as wholesalers, retailers, or both. OPTION II. Utilising an internet only channel for its current account product. An internet only channel is an electronic marketing channel which enables clients to use banking and other financial services by employing various information technologies with no need for a direct contact with a bank clerk. This electronic banking is faster, better and cheaper.Bank of America can build a whole marketing strategy around high technology and quality. The issue of quality is a goal and a bond among all corporate functions. To exploit commitment opportunities, the bank can preempt its competitors. The business, however, has to be especially wary of environmental changes that can erode the value of its early investments. Size is beneficial only when there are compelling advantages to being large, such as economies of scale, scope, or experience. Advantages through preferred access to resources, information, or customers can give a business a sustainable advantage that is independent of Bank of America will inform their clients of the time schedule within which they can order individual services and the time of execution of orders for each individual state-of-the-art electronic marketing channel. Consequently, there will be trade-offs. Greater convenience increases security risks, and greater complexity reduces convenience. OPTION III. Adoption of the current MBNA model which focuses on the telephone as the core channel for its credit card, loans and insurance services. The challenge for banks is to create value and to retain control over their customers. Telephone service is crucial for banks. Telephone service enables wire transfers, automated clearing house transactions, automated teller machine transactions and inquiries, remote processing, and teller terminals located in branches but connected to an off-site host computer. It also fosters the numerous bank functions that rely on voice connections. However, the telephone as a core service and marketing channel for the bank suffers from specific weaknesses. One, when there is no electricity, there is no telephone service. Second, telephone outages which result from natural disasters can cut off bank transactions for a given period of time. In order to improve customer service, the bank can offer

The Presence of Love and Self-Sacrifice Essay Example for Free

The Presence of Love and Self-Sacrifice Essay Love is most likely the one motif that can be present in everything. History is full of fallen empires and wars waged all caused by love—or what the people themselves believe as something called love. Literature is another branch of knowledge that does not only record all the feelings that the great and famous convey for their loved ones, but it is also the proof of how people think when they are in love. Shakespeare’s plays and sonnets all serve as an extensive testament to how intense love can make a person feel and be. From the dramatic to the comic and from the ridiculous illusions to the harsh realities, love, no matter how cliche it may sound, really makes the world go around. This cliche may be applied to the two books that will be compared in this paper: de Chretien Troyes’ â€Å"Lancelot: The Knight of the Cart† and George MacDonald’s â€Å"Phantastes. † De Troyes’ book can only be the type that fantasy and adventures can be made of in its true chivalric glory. Lancelot has always been a familiar and a favourite knight, most especially since he won Lady Guinevere’s love and admiration considering she is already the Queen Guinevere of the King Arthur. Lancelot: The Knight of the Cart is really a rather absurd account of how a knight would go into great lengths of trying to rescue his damsel in distress. In the modern context that we have today, such narration, plot, setting, and language would have been considered as romantic by the women and preposterous by the men. However, there is really something so endearing about a story wherein love and self-sacrifice play with the characters at their purest sense. De Troyes’ book begins in Queen Guinevere’s abduction by a mysterious knight. The knights of King Arthur, Lancelot and Gawain, soon chase after the abductor to rescue Queen Guinevere. The book gives a detailed account of how Lancelot and Gawain rescue the Queen, but more than that, it is a narration of how Lancelot will endure everything just to win back the Queen. Lancelot, at the start of his journey, is identified as the Knight of the Cart (de Troyes vv. 539-982). He has somehow managed to get himself in a complicated situation that makes him lose his mount (horse) that he is forced to walk whilst wearing his armour and his sword. It is in this state that he meets a Dwarf who tells him that he will see the Queen if he will ride the cart that the Dwarf is driving. It would not have been a problem if Lancelot is in the modern times, but back then, riding a cart is such a disgrace since it is only the criminals who have the privilege to do so. Only criminals are rendered low enough to ride such a disgraceful thing. This scene is very important as this will make Lancelot be known as â€Å"The Knight of the Cart. † Moreover, this will cause the Queen’s cold attitude that she will show Lancelot when he finally rescues her. Considering the great lengths that Lancelot had to go through just to get to the Queen, she still treated him coldly. This scene is also one of the early glimpses that the reader will be able to see concerning Lancelot and his great love for the Queen Guinevere: The knight hesitated only for a couple of steps before getting in. Yet, it was unlucky for him that he shrank from the disgrace, and did not jump in at once; for he will later rue his delay. But common sense, which is inconsistent with loves dictates, bids him refrain from getting in, warning him and counseling him to do and undertake nothing for which he may reap shame and disgrace. Reason, which dares thus speak to him, reaches only his lips, but not his heart; but love is enclosed within his heart, bidding him and urging him to mount at once upon the cart. So he jumps in, since love will have it so, feeling no concern about the shame, since he is prompted by loves commands. (de Troyes Vv. 247-398. ) There is an endless narration of Lancelot’s obstacles. The first that is of importance is the temptation he successfully surpasses as a beautiful lady seduces him, asking that he makes love to her in exchange for a night’s rest and lodging. The Knight of the Cart encounters similar situations wherein he is tested and tempted, but he always emerges victorious in the end. Adventures that soon followed allow him to display and show his skills as a Knight and more importantly, as an honourable and strong Knight. He frees the people of Logres from the imprisonment of the Kingdom of Gorre where the Queen Guinevere is held captive. Nevertheless, even if Lancelot has always emerged victorious after every obstacle, it is the crossing of the Sword Bridge which proves his determination and encompassing love to Queen Guinevere: He is going to support himself with his bare hands and feet upon the sword, which was sharper than a scythe, for he had not kept on his feet either sole or upper or hose. But he felt no fear of wounds upon his hands or feet; he preferred to maim himself rather than to fall from the bridge and be plunged in the water from which he could never escape. In accordance with this determination, he passes over with great pain and agony, being wounded in the hands, knees, and feet. But even this suffering is sweet to him: for Love, who conducts and leads him on, assuages and relieves the pain. (De Troyes Vv. 3021-3194) Lancelot safely crosses the bridge and is greeted warmly by the kind-hearted King of Gorre and the cold-blooded Maleagant (the King’s son) who is responsible for imprisoning Queen Guinevere. Maleagant challenges Lancelot into a duel, and as all noble knights should, he wins the fight. Maleagant is always plotting and plotting, trying to get through the Knight of the Cart as he accumulates such a hatred for the Knight. The Queen and Lancelot finally unite (literally and figuratively speaking) when a situation both puts them into thinking that the other person is dead. The adventure that Lancelot undertakes is so rigorous, challenging, and battle-laden that it is even befitting to make it into a dramatic and action-filled movie. The Knight of the Cart does not only have to endure numerous temptations from very beautiful ladies and magical beings, but he is also faced with other knights who want to steal those beautiful ladies or knights who just want to engage in a battle or a swordfight just for the sake of bathing in pure masculine glory. The Great Knight is also tested in terms of intellect and emotions as he goes on his adventures—deciding the fates of people, plotting military schemes, and making the most of battle situations—and most especially, as his reputation is tarnished as he is ridiculed and mocked as The Knight of the Cart. Indeed, love plays such a significant part in the novel as it is solely the reason why Lancelot would go to such great extent to rescue his lady (even if technically, she is not his lady). Love has always been such a great driving force of humans that it is subjected to great debates and studies and such. Teenagers commit suicide because of love, and single mothers become single mothers also because of love. Even big companies have made it a profitable excuse to market love. Love in all its beauty has been defined by a lot of people, from the downright romantic to the utterly realistic and pessimistic. In De Troyes’ book, the author refrained from making Lancelot’s love into such an enormous situation that it would dangerously border on being ridiculous. Instead, De Troyes narrated the whole plot into a magical and fantastical adventure of how a man would endlessly search for his woman. The knight selflessly sacrificed literally everything in his power just to assure the safety and well-being of his lady. Coupled with the love that Lancelot has been showing Queen Guinevere is the sacrifice that he has been generously giving the Queen. At the fourth part of the book, Lancelot was imprisoned by Meleagant in a tower for a year. The fact that he was imprisoned in a windowless and doorless tower in the first place suggests that he offended Meleagant by winning Queen Guinevere’s freedom by a duel. However, the people of King Arthur were unable to locate Lancelot’s whereabouts that when he was finally released, he was ‘so feeble that he staggered from his weakness and disability’ (De Troyes Vv. 6657). The first book analyzed above shows a strong and immense love that transcended time that even the younger generations of the fast-paced modern times today are somehow enthralled and drawn to how enormous love can be and how great are the sacrifices that a person can render if he or she is in love. The next book, Phantastes, a novel by George MacDonald is a fusion of what two worlds can offer—the reality and the fantasy. MacDonald’s protagonist, Anodos, wakes up one day into a different world and discovers that he has fairy blood in his veins: ‘I awoke one morning with the usual perplexity of mind which accompanies the return of consciousness’ (MacDonald 5). He goes into an adventure in the Fairy Land or the Kingdom of ‘Phantasy’ as he sees the White Lady/Lady of the Marble and falls in love with her (Macdonald 104). He goes on a long journey, searching for her every time as he gets lost time and time again. Anodos uses his voice and starts to sing as to inject life and breathe into the Lady’s stone-figure. Anodos, like the Knight of the Cart, goes into rigorous obstacles as he desperately tries to free the Lady from the curse: How I got through this dreary part of my travels, I do not know. I do not think I was upheld by the hope that any moment the light might break in upon me; for I scarcely thought about that. I went on with a dull endurance, varied by moments of uncontrollable sadness; for more and more the conviction grew upon me that I should never see the white lady again. (MacDonald 117) I could bear it no longer. ‘I will not be tortured to death, I cried; I will meet it half-way. The life within me is yet enough to bear me up to the face of Death, and then I die unconquered. ’ (MacDonald 119) The book is narrated in a very simple manner and in the first-person point of view as Anodos himself is the story teller. The song of Anodos is the only reason why the Lady wakes up, and yet, there are also many moments when Anodos is lost and grappling with words and melody that no song would come out (MacDonald 104-105). However, as always, his love surpasses all and he sings the most lovely of the songs, ‘DUMB ART THOU? O Love immortal/ More than words thy speech must be/ Childless yet the tender portal/ Of the home of melody’ (MacDonald 107). The lines were somehow describing how love, in all its immortality and beauty, is mute and cannot speak. Rather, love is so sacred and intense that to give it meaning, words or even a voice is to lose the magnanimity of that emotion. The novel ends in a bittersweet memory as Anodos wakes up from his Fairy Land dream: ‘I found myself lying in the open air, in the early morning, before sunrise’ (MacDonald 174). Anodos has changed because of his adventures from the Fairy Land. He has learned to live with the exemplary teachings and values that he acquired and experienced during his dream. Most importantly, he has learned what love is and how great is its power, even if it was never meant to be his. Anodos, like the Knight of the Cart, has selflessly searched for his love just to deliver her from the curse of being a Lady of Marble. He was ridiculed by the dwarves countless of times, was frightened to death by the Ash Tree, and even went to long and strenuous journeys just to locate the White Lady’s whereabouts. However, the most cruel of part is the fact that he knew that the White Lady is already betrothed to someone else and is meant to love someone else, The Red Knight: Crowding about me like bees, they shouted an insect-swarm of exasperating speeches up into my face, among which the most frequently recurring were—‘You shant have her; you shant have her; he! he! he! Shes for a better man; how hell kiss her! how hell kiss her! ’ (MacDonald 114) What is remarkable about Anodos is the way he answers the goblins nobly: ‘Well, if he is a better man, let him have her’ (MacDonald 114). The two books contain both the motifs of love and self-sacrifice. Did the heroes sacrifice themselves selflessly because they love the person, or did they love the person, that is why they can sacrifice themselves fully? Love, more often than not, is too complicated and ambiguous; yet, it seems to be a universal language and emotion that can be understood by all. The obvious resignation of the men of both books (Andonos and Lancelot) for their ladies’ affection and life justifies the fact that the men love their ladies, and no matter what happens, they will make it a point to save them. The endless obstacles of the two men with various aspects (supernatural, psychological, emotional etc. ) prove that they will indeed go to great lengths not just to have a glimpse of the ladies’ magnificent beauty (as to the case of Anodos) but more importantly, to save their lives. Saving the lives could both pertain to the heroes and the damsels in distress. While the Queen Guinevere and the White Lady are both in danger because of external forces beyond their control, Andonos and Lancelot also put their lives on the line for the sake of rescuing them. Why would the two men go so far to such extremes when they could have any lady? Is it because they love the women that make them face such dangerous adventures? In some sense, the men are tremendously in love with their women that to live without them is death itself. Love is almost connected with a feeling of wanting to possess and belonging. The two men wanted none of that perverted definition of the emotion. The men would be willing to give up their lives because they have to protect the women. It has become a rather automatic action, or in simplistic terms, it is instinct that makes them want and need to protect the women. Anodos and the Knight of the Cart do not necessarily want the women to belong to them, and they do not necessarily want or need to possess the women. At the end of both books, the both men knew that the ladies would not and would never belong to them, and yet they did not have any anger or resentment with that decision. Lancelot knew that his Lady Guinevere belongs and will always belong to King Arthur’s side as Queen Guinevere and the ruler of Camelot. Even if he knew this fact, he still loved her unconditionally and without any reservations. Certainly, as the King’s Knight and as person, he should not have done that, but that is not the case in this paper, and that is entirely another matter. Anodos’ love and Lancelot’s love are the same in a sense that both would go to exceptional extent just to prove their love to their respective ladies. Moreover, their love is enduring and non-complaining that it is very endearing to whoever would read the books. The difference in their love lies in the judgment that Anodos’ love is more whimsical and mystical that it contains an attribute of being sweetly melodic and at the same time melancholic. Anodos’ love is self sacrificial in a sense that it is hopeless, compared to Lancelot and the Queen, wherein they have a more reciprocated love for each other than that of the White Lady and Anodos. In addition, even if Lancelot’s love is forbidden (since the Queen is already married), the love is still reciprocated by his loved one and that makes his love more powerful, stronger, and more ardent than that of Adonos’ love for the White Lady. Nevertheless, both men loved, and that is what matters the most. The ultimate test and evidence that they hold genuine love for their respective loved ones is the fact that they let go of the ladies in the end. The Queen Guinevere has her King Arthur, and the White Lady has her Red Knight. The self sacrifice was not really the adventure that they experienced and the gruelling obstacles they faced. It is the moment when they went ahead with the adventure even if the lady was not theirs in the first place. It is the moment when at the end of their long and arduous adventure, they still let the lady choose her happiness, and then they let go. Works Cited De Troyes, Chretien. Lancelot: The Knight of the Cart. Trans. Burton Raffel. Yale University: Yale University Press, 1997. MacDonald, George. Phantastes: A Faerie Romance For Men and Women. London: Smith, Elder and Co. , 1858.

Classroom Management Essay Example for Free

Classroom Management Essay You are the teacher of a 5th grade class. Two students finished their assignment early, one student arrived late, and one student is not attempting the assignment. Being able to have the skills to handle situations like this takes practice and experience. The skills that are required are the ones that complete Jacob Kounin’s Classroom Management Model, â€Å"Lesson Movement. † Kounin’s theory on classroom management was the first to integrate instructional and disciplinary aspects of the classroom. The basis of the model is for teachers to be organized, prepared, and use proactive behavioral management combined with high student involvement with the goal of leading to a more effective classroom while minimizing disruptive behavior. Kounin coins his theory as Lesson Movement, comprised of techniques called: withitness, overlapping, momentum, smoothness, and group focus (â€Å"Classroom Management Theorist and Theories/Jacob Kounin,† 2009). Withitness is the ability of a teacher to know everything that is going on in his/her classroom at all times to prevent discipline problems before they occurred. However, as important as it is for teachers to achieve this skill, it is just as important for students to believe they their teacher is â€Å"withit. † Students will still act disruptively if they feel the teacher does not notice them. Some ways that teachers can display this technique are: consistently suppress misbehaviors of exactly those students who began the problem; dealing with the more serious of two discipline problems occurring simultaneously; and decisively handling off-task behavior before it gets out of hand or imitated by other students(â€Å"Whom are We Talking About: Jacob Kounin,† 2008). Similar to withitness, overlapping involves the ability to attend to multiple classroom events at one time, and avoiding fixating on one event at the expense of all other classroom activities. For example, if a teacher is conducting small group assignments, and a pair is off task, a teacher may address them from a distance while still conducting the activity. (â€Å"The Kounin Model,† 2008). Momentum is keeping the lesson moving briskly, requiring the teacher to plan effectively to avoid slow downs. Kounin believes that teachers should not lecture for a long period of time to allow students to gain knowledge by moving around and maximizing their allotted time. By minimizing delays and interruptions, causes students will not lose interest and misbehave. (Charles, 1989). In conjunction with momentum is smoothness. While lecturing, a teacher must maintain direction and not drift off on tangents, be diverted with irrelevant questions and information or fall victim to â€Å"flip flops,† â€Å"dangles,† or â€Å"truncation. †Otherwise, students will be confused and act out from loss of interest. (â€Å"Classroom Management Theorist and Theories/Jacob Kounin,† 2009) Lastly, Kounin refers to group focus as the ability to engage the whole class. Some techniques he offers are: building suspense or ask community questions Though community questions may appear random, it draws the group’s attention and intrigue. The teacher must incorporate procedures to handle multiple situations at once to maintain group focus. For example, if a student completes an assignment early, he/she must have a back up plan such as providing another assignment or enrichment activity while he/she helps other students that are struggling (â€Å"Classroom Management Theorist and Theories/Jacob Kounin,† 2009). Kounin’s Model of Classroom Management is an important topic for teacher’s today, because it is one of the most difficult skills to acquire. Student-centered classrooms and discovery lessons are becoming much more popular in our classrooms, leading to a more active learning environment. Being able to handle multiple situations at once, keeping students engaged, maintaining momentum and smoothness in your lessons and transitions takes experience. These are the most difficult techniques for a first year teacher to learn; therefore, making them a habit during that year will allow for mastery of these skills to occur. I believe that Kounin’s Model is important to develop an effective classroom environment; however, discipline problems will occur, no matter the amount of preventive planning a teacher makes. Kounin does not address his procedures for disciplining, if he would or would not discipline children differently, nor does he address misbehaving as a response to some factor that is outside of the teacher’s control. As a teacher, I would incorporate Kounin’s theory in my teaching planning and practices, though remembering that each student may require different accommodations. References Charles, C. M. (1989) Building Classroom discipline: from models to practice. New York City, New York: Longmans Inc.. Teacher Matters, (2008). The Kounin Model. Retrieved May 31, 2009 Teacher Matters http://www. teachermatters. com/index. php? option=com_contentview=articleid=9:kounin-modelcatid=4:models-of-disciplineItemid=4 WikiBooks, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (2009). Overview/History of Jacob Kounin’s Work. Retrieved May 28, 2009, from http://en. wikibooks. org/wiki/Classroom_Management_Theorist_and_Theories/Jacob_Kounin WikiEd. (2008). Whom are we talking about: Jacob Kounin. Retrieved June 8, 2009 from http://wik. ed. uiuc. edu/index. php/Kounin,_Jacob.

Importance of the School Curriculum

Importance of the School Curriculum The structure and development of curriculum involves many features, including how it is organised, the goals to be achieved in education, processes of teaching, learning and assessment, and finally how it the curriculum will cater for the future learners. We will discover how the curriculum framework is broken into these categories to form the structure and development. Department of Education and Training (2008) Queensland curriculum standard requirements state All schools are required to develop and maintain up-to-date curriculum plans in consultation with the school community. This planning ensures that assessment, teaching and reporting match the intended curriculum. (Department of Education and Training, 2008) Curriculum planning is divided into three levels in schools, whole-school curriculum, plan the sequence of learning across all year levels, plan each year level, term and unit. The curriculum process is to educate learners, develop skills and knowledge so they will be able to contribute within society. To define curriculum in terms of a document which includes details about goals or objectives, content, teaching techniques, evaluation and assessment is the key values that represent educating. The Department of Education and training of Queensland (2008) states the curriculum is all the planned learning that is offered and enacted by a school. The framework of Queensland curriculum includes a learning environment, resources, teaching approaches and strategies, assessment and programs methods, values relationships, and behaviours between peers and teachers. All these elements are linked and provide the experiences that contribute to learners learning. A good curriculum has each of these elements aligned so that intended learning is what is assessed and what students achieve. (Department of Education and Training, 2008).Therefore, this document attempts to widen the focus on defining a specific view on what a learner can accomplish under the guidance of school learning. Curriculum is organised through scope and sequencing. Scope refers to the level and the arrangement of the curriculum elements that occur across subjects, while, sequence refers to the breaking the content and learning experiences into manageable steps to facilitate learning over a period of time. Example of scope and sequence used in schools is the grammar scope and sequence which each year level will cover a selected element of grammar. Year two (2) teachers teach learning elements of nouns, by identifying naming words, word building with nouns, and year six (6) will use the elements of complex possessive nouns, introduce abstract and common nouns. The scope considers the processes or skills that occur in subjects. Scoping is structured how subjects are taught through activities or integrating units. Scope and Sequence provides information for teachers about the literacy genres, numeracy opportunities and demands, and possibilities for using ICT in the learning program for each of the Key Learning Areas in each year. By using the scope and sequence organisation it allows teachers to focus primarily on the intended curriculum, providing support for teachers on what to teach, how to teach it and how to assess it. Therefore, allowing teachers to make the most of learning in their class. The sequences for each Key Learning Area outline nine years of schooling. In particular, the learning descriptions outlining what is essential for students to know, understand and be able to do by the end of Years 3, 5, 7, and 9 are critical for future learning and progress..(Department of Education and Training, 2008) Within each of the eight Key learning Areas: English, Health and Physical Education, Languages other than English (LOTE), Mathematics, Science, Studies of Society and Environment, Tech nology and The Arts there is a sequence, statements describing what essential learning is to be addressed within the Queensland Curriculum. Using the scope and sequence learning describe what the learner does as a result of the learning opportunities and environment therefore provides a result ,or outcome of the learning process: The structure of the Queensland curriculum relates to several models of curriculum, the process-based model involving sequential phases of curriculum design and development relates to Tylers model of curriculum, which includes objectives followed by content or learning experiences, then using a method or organising learning experiences such as scope and sequencing, and finally evaluation or assessment. But, the Queensland framework of curriculum also relates to Skilbecks model because A curriculum that maximises the learning of all students is one that recognises and celebrates diversity and engages all students in intellectually challenging learning experiences. It provides students with clear guidelines on what they are learning and how they will be assessed. It involves a range of teaching strategies to meet different learning needs and explicit teaching to scaffold students learning so that they develop and consolidate the required knowledge and skills to meet the anticipated fut ure demands of work and citizenship. (Department of Education and Training, 2008) Skilbecks Situation model examines the main context and needs that continues throughout the process of development and implementation of programs weekly or daily teaching. The consideration of these factors steps in the curriculum process of situation analysis, goal formulation. program building, interpretation and implementation and feedback, assessment reconstruction. Skilbecks model, fully considers the situation or context of the curriculum having external factors and internal factors. The external factors include Cultural and social changes expectations and changes Relationships between adults and children, community assumptions and values Educational system requirements e.g. policy statements, assessment procedures Changing nature of subject matter Support systems Expected flow of resources Internal Factors Students student: aptitudes, abilities and educational needs Teachers values, attitudes, skills, knowledge, experience, special strengths and weaknesses, roles School ethos and structures and decision-making structure, power sharing Resources Problems and shortcomings in the existing curriculum School community The purpose or goal of education is to promote teaching and learning structure within a classroom and or school environment, is to make the most of a learners learning and support learners to achieve their full potential. That learning experiences connect with existing knowledge and skills, students educational learning encourage a deeper understanding and that learners can connect purposeful. The principles found in the Framework policy states Quality curriculum maximizes each students educational potential All teaching and learning should be founded in the belief that, with good teaching, the right support and sufficient time, every student can develop knowledge, skills and understanding to achieve at higher levels. Teachers need to believe in their students as learners, have high expectations, and see themselves as responsible for improving the learning achievement of their students. (Department of Education and Training, 2008) The development of the curriculum involves a curriculum for all learning aspects of the essential ways of working and knowledge ensuring that learners are engaged with learning and develop their knowledge and understanding. This includes promoting excellence through a curriculum that supports all students to develop a deep understanding of important subject matter and the intellectual tools and strategies to think for themselves and to manage their own learning (Department of Education and Training, 2008). Curriculum engages learners with strategies to develop sound understanding. Teachers applying these learning activities will guide learners, to work towards building on their knowledge, by applying, explaining, interpreting, and processing. Ensuring that a learner will achieve and participate within their learning is an intended part of the curriculum. Teaching and learning practices within a school environment promote the student to maximise their educational potential. Through good teaching, supporting learners, it will assist with the developing their knowledge and understanding. .Therefore, learners are engaging with support and scaffolding between each other to gain further understanding, ensuring that the cirrculum provides students the key tools and strategies to think for themselves and learn how to manage their learning. The quality assessment of student learning is an continuing course of action of collecting relevant data to determine what a learners knows, understands and reflect on area of the curriculum that need support. The principles of assessment require assessment be applicable, and should provide reliable information on the learners achievements. Students should know what they have to learn and what the criteria or standard will be set for assessment tasks. Learners demonstrating their high order of thinking, they can apply their new skill to other contents. By providing feedback, it will provide learners to reflect on their learning and identify different steps to improve. Assessment is to reflect on the understanding of their learning. Achievement of the intended curriculum including the quality or standard of achievement, assessment practices should also play an educative role for students, enabling them to reflect on their learning -particularly misconceptions and gaps in their knowledge and take some responsibility for their own ongoing learning. (Department of Education and Training, 2008). This new generation has totally different learning styles these needs should be considered in classroom teaching; technology plays an integral part within todays society. Learners are engaging learning to accommodate with new technologies. The curriculum should reflect and build on the digital literacys that students already have. (Department of Education and Training, 2008) Therefore, in conclusion, schools curriculums make the vital contribution to the students future, wellbeing, prosperity, and social society skills. The curriculum needs to work towards developing capabilities, as well as achieving outcome goals in the gaining of specific knowledge. The curriculum must go beyond just schooling foundation of education; these skills are further required in the workplace, community and recreational surroundings. The curriculum is one way to ground the concept of life-long learning in a knowledge society. Quality teaching and learning practices within a school environment promote the student to maximise their educational potential. Through good teaching, supporting learners, it will assist with the developing their knowledge and understanding. . References Brady L : Kenndy, K. (2007). Cirriculum Construction (3rd ed.). Pearson Education Australia. Department of Education and Training. (2008). Department of Education and Training. Retrieved March 10, 2010, from P-12 Curriculum Framework: http://education.qld.gov.au/curriculum/framework/p-12/index.html Marsh, C. (2003). Key Concepts for understanding cirriculum. New York: RoutledgeFalner. Nicholls, A.. Nicholls, H.. (1978). Developing a cirriculum. London: Biling Sons Ltd. Queensland Studies Authority. (2010). Queensland Studies Authority. Retrieved March 2, 2010, from http://www.qsa.qld.edu.au/

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings - Storm the Battlefronts :: Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Essays

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings - Storm the Battlefronts I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings   Maya Angelou's novel is a classic tale of growing up black in the American South in the 1930s and 40s. Even though Marguerite's and her brother Bailey's childhood and early youth are probably far from typical for the average black family of that time, the book nonetheless can be read as a parable of what it meant and still means to be a black person in an overwhelmingly white society. The story is told from a "black" point of view and is thus a more "politically correct" representation of race relationship and prejudice than Harper Lee's equally famous To Kill a Mockingbird. The two children are moved back and forth between their parents and their grandmother "Momma," between St. Louis, Los Angeles, San Francisco and the rural Southern town of Stamps, Arkansas, where they spend the bulk of their childhood. As the owner of a small shop their grandmother is rather well-off for a rural black woman. The children consequently don't suffer from any economic hardships - not even during the worst depression years. Still, I Know Why the Cage Bird Sings is no story about an easy coming-of-age: Maya is permanently puzzled by the adult world. Her grandmother is extremely religious and strict, the children "should be seen but not heard," (p. 34) and she is deeply worried about their relationship to their parents. Worse still, she is raped by her mother's boyfriend while living with her in St. Louis and refuses to talk to anyone but her brother for over a year after the trial. Moreover, she often encounters "white" prejudice, rejection or indifference, when she is working for a white woman or tries to get treatment from a white dentist. The book thus explores a wide range of timeless topics: child abuse, race relations and a lot of important general issues of adolescence such as awakening sexuality, tension between the children and their parents and friendship. Angelou basically tells us the story of her search for her place in the world - in warm and touching prose that makes it possible to identify with her problems, needs and dreams. This personal appeal and the fact that the novel touches a lot of common "black" issues make its ideal for use in the literature classroom - together with To Kill a Mockingbird (even though in a way it directs your reading of I Know. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings - Storm the Battlefronts :: Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Essays I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings - Storm the Battlefronts I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings   Maya Angelou's novel is a classic tale of growing up black in the American South in the 1930s and 40s. Even though Marguerite's and her brother Bailey's childhood and early youth are probably far from typical for the average black family of that time, the book nonetheless can be read as a parable of what it meant and still means to be a black person in an overwhelmingly white society. The story is told from a "black" point of view and is thus a more "politically correct" representation of race relationship and prejudice than Harper Lee's equally famous To Kill a Mockingbird. The two children are moved back and forth between their parents and their grandmother "Momma," between St. Louis, Los Angeles, San Francisco and the rural Southern town of Stamps, Arkansas, where they spend the bulk of their childhood. As the owner of a small shop their grandmother is rather well-off for a rural black woman. The children consequently don't suffer from any economic hardships - not even during the worst depression years. Still, I Know Why the Cage Bird Sings is no story about an easy coming-of-age: Maya is permanently puzzled by the adult world. Her grandmother is extremely religious and strict, the children "should be seen but not heard," (p. 34) and she is deeply worried about their relationship to their parents. Worse still, she is raped by her mother's boyfriend while living with her in St. Louis and refuses to talk to anyone but her brother for over a year after the trial. Moreover, she often encounters "white" prejudice, rejection or indifference, when she is working for a white woman or tries to get treatment from a white dentist. The book thus explores a wide range of timeless topics: child abuse, race relations and a lot of important general issues of adolescence such as awakening sexuality, tension between the children and their parents and friendship. Angelou basically tells us the story of her search for her place in the world - in warm and touching prose that makes it possible to identify with her problems, needs and dreams. This personal appeal and the fact that the novel touches a lot of common "black" issues make its ideal for use in the literature classroom - together with To Kill a Mockingbird (even though in a way it directs your reading of I Know.

Scrooge in A Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens Essay example -- Charl

A Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens Scrooge is represented from the beginning as a miserable old man being described as a "squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner!" I think this a perfect description of him in one sentence. People know Scrooge well and avoid him, this suites Scrooge because he does not like other people and not a big fan of being sociable. The name 'Scrooge' was created by Dickens and is now well known in the dictionary as someone that is mean, this is basically what Scrooge is in the novel, a symbol of meanness. It is described that the people know Scrooge well and avoid him as much as possible. Although this suites him well because he does not like other people, and is not sociable in any way. Dickens makes you dislike Scrooge from the very beginning by using a number of methods such as, the described setting and Scrooge, how he treats the poor, the language used etc. The setting he's in is just like him, cold, gloomy, small and cheap. His treatment to the poor is appalling as when he is asked to give a donation for them he replies, "Are there no prisons?" "And the Union Workhouses?" this is very harsh and selfish, because he is basically saying they should be put in prison instead of trying to get money off of him, this instantly creates bad impression on him. His counting house is described by Dickens to be like a "dismal little cell", this gives the impression that it is cheap, dark and cold because the fire he describes is so small its as if it only has one coal. Being so cheap and not wanting to spend anymore money than he has to he only employs one person Bob Cratchit (... ...ery clear that, is you are not kind to people then you will have something bad happen to you in your afterlife. This is proved clear when Marley's ghost appears, and explains to Scrooge that there is "'No rest, no peace. Incessant torture of remorse'" as he when he was living acted just as Scrooge does. Dickens portrays Scrooge in many different but excellent ways and makes you feel a real sense of hatred for him by doing this. By setting the novel in the Victorian era it helps to create an image of the destitute poor and how badly people like Scrooge treat them. The actual setting he is in is similar to Scrooges personality and features, the use of similes and other descriptive language all add to Scrooges nasty nature. To sum up what the reader is encouraged to feel in the first chapter is basic hatred for Scrooge.

Industrialization in “Hard Times” by Charles Dickens Essay

The industrial revolution was an era of mechanization. During this era, in 1854, Charles Dickens (1812-1870) wrote Hard Times to comment upon the change within society and its effect on its people. Dickens points out the flaws and limitations of this new society in his eloquent and passionate plea on behalf of the working poor (Charles Dickens Hard Times, 2000). The novel shows presents to readers the authors perspective of life during the nineteenth century and makes comments on the central theme of fact versus fancy. Due to this theme, the novel ends with many characters realising that a person needs more than just fact in their life. The novel examines the utilitarian system through various characters such as Tom, who has been brought up in the utilitarian education system. Dickens exposes his own views on this system through Sissy Jupe, the uneducated daughter of a circus master, and the positive influence she has on the Gradgrind family. Thomas Gradgrind has a strong rationalist philosophy and believes that fact, and fact alone is the one thing needful but through the satirical way Thomas Gradgrind is described, Dickens makes his own comments regarding his conflicting views of this philosophy. Dickens introduces Mr Gradgrind as Thomas Gradgrind, sir. A man of realities. A man of fact and calculationswith a rule and a pair of scales, and multiplication table always in his pocket, sir, ready to weigh and measure and parcel of human nature (p48). This portrays Gradgrind as a man who places a numerical value on everything and does not believe in anything other than black and white fact. Gradgrind is described with a satirical tone which signifies that Dickens is mocking Gradgrind and the system which he believes in. Dickens ridicules Gradgrind through his use of sarcasm against him. This is shown when Dickens says You might hope to get some other nonsensical belief into the head of George Gradgrind, or Augustus Gradgrind, or John Gradgrind (all suppositious, non-existent persons), but into the head of Thomas Gradgrind no sir (p48) The no sir is an intrusion of the authors voice which, in a condescending tone, ridicules Thomas Gradgrinds strong belief in the utilitarian system. Through Mr Gradgrind, Dickens ridicules the system and it is evident that Dickens disagrees with it. Tom is a product of the utilitarian system and Dickens uses him to convey his  own opinions of the system. Tom was brought up by his father under a system that allowed room for nothing but fact (p47). He was not exposed to any emotion and as a result he did not develop any decent morals. He was taught to value fact alone whilst remaining ignorant of compassion. His callous nature is evident when he positions Steven Blackpool to be falsely accused of robbing the bank. Tom instructs Steven to just hang about the bank an hour or so (p191) and soon afterwards Tom goes ahead with the robbery. As a result of Toms instructions, the citizens blame Steven for robbing the bank as he was seen hanging about the bank just before the robbery. This incident reveals Toms deceitful nature due to the fact he is mercilessly able to let his fellow worker take the blame for his crime. It also signifies that even thought Tom was brought up in a system that was believed to be infallible; this utilitarian system did not teach him other more important things such as how to be a good person. Another example that reveals Toms cunningness is when Tom decides to visit Louisa after having ignored her for a long period of time. The only reason Tom does this is because he is aware that Mr Bounderby has proposed to Louisa and he wants to ensure that she accepts his proposal as this will increase his earnings at Mr Bounderbys bank. Tom says to Louisa Has father said anything particular to you, today or yesterday, Loo? then her brother glanced at her face with greater interest than usual, and, encircling her waist with his arm, drew her coaxingly to him (p130). The way Tom treats Louisa indicates that he only shows interest in his sister when he has something to gain from it. His actions are manipulative when he coaxingly brings her towards him. This shows that, even though Tom has been provided with what was believed to be the finest education, ad has learnt every Ology, he is still extremely selfish and uses people to his own will and benefit. Tom has turned out to be a very corrupt man and, being a product of the utilitarian system, Dickens uses Tom to declare that this system does not work. Dickens portrays the idea that the utilitarian system has drained all the goodness of human nature through the symbolic description of Sissy and Bitzer within Hard Times. For example, when Sissy and Bitzer are introduced to the reader, it is evident through the symbolism used that Dickens favours Sissy, of the lower class. The girl was so dark eyed and dark haired, that she seemed to receive a deeper and more lustrous colour from the sun when it shone upon her, the boy was so light eyed and light haired that the self-same rays appeared to draw out of him what little colour he ever possessed (p50). This passage is significant because it reveals Dickens opinion of the utilitarian system. It is no coincident that Bitzer, the boy who was educated under the system of fact has been described as colourless while Sissy, the poor and uneducated girl, has been described as lustrous. The colour symbolises the fancy while the paleness represents the fact and through the above passage Dickens states that Bitzer is being filled with so much fact that it is draining all the fancy out of him. Sissy, on the other hand, has not been educated and filled with fact therefore she has been characterised as dark and full of colour. Another example that epitomises Dickens use of colour to represent goodness is when Sissy is revealing to Louisa that she never once envied her. She says I had nothing to complain of, and was not at all hurt (p148). This demonstrates Sissys unpretentious nature and the author believes this is a respectable quality to possess which he highlights by saying Her colour rose as she said it modestly and hurriedly(p148). This shows that Dickens has used colour to represent kindness whilst a lack of colour, such as that describing Bitzer, to highlight the negative outcomes of the system. Through Sissys influence on the Gradgrind family Dickens presents the idea that there is another thing needful than just fact. Another critique, David Craig, also agrees that Dickens conveys is opinions his views on the utilitarian system through inspection of the Gradgrind family. Hard Times is increasingly taken over by an examination of the family, showing how damaging and limiting an upbringing which allows no place for imagination and fancy can be. The effect Sissy has on the Gradgrinds is shown through the way the characters change throughout the novel. For example, at the beginning of the novel Louisa is unable to express her emotions because even if she does try she is told not to. Later in the novel when Louisa becomes ill Sissy spends considerable amounts of time with her. This gives Louisa an  opportunity to learn about love and compassion. This is evident when Louisa cries out Forgive me, pity me, help me! Have compassion on my great need, and let me lay this head of mi ne upon a loving heart. This speech by Louisa is very different to anything said by her earlier in the novel. It is an outburst of emotion and there is evidence of expression which Dickens has indicated through the use of exclamation marks. Another incident that epitomises Sissys kindness, and the consequence this has, is the speech given by Mrs Gradgrind preceding her death. She tells Louisa You learnt a great deal, LouisaOlogies of all kinds, from morning to nightbut there is something not an Ology at all that your father has missed, or forgotten, Louisa I dont know what it is. I have often sat with Sissy near me, and thought about it (p225). Sissys presence is noteworthy because it indicates that Sissy inspires Mrs Gradgrinds emotional being, something that the Gradgrinds were never exposed to before. It shows that Sissy possess a certain touch of humanity that not even the most fact-filled person could provide or teach. Through this Dickens states that even though Sissy has not been educated, she has much to offer to the world; she has more than what Mr Gradgrind could ever have taught his children. Charles Dickens lived during the industrial revolution, an era ruled by utilitarianism. His knowledge of the system as well as his personal opinion is revealed in Hard Times through the characterisation of the Gradgrind family, Sissy Jupe and Bitzer. Mr Gradgrind believes that fact is one and only thing you need whilst Sissy believes there is more to life than fact. Throughout the novel these two philosophies are compared and as an end result readers are positioned to believe, through techniques of characterisation and symbolism used by Dickens, that fancy is just as important as fact. Dickens states that a person without fancy cannot possess the goodness and modesty present within Sissy and that even the most intelligent person who knows all their Ologies cannot be a moral person if they do not nourish their emotion and imagination. References: Oldham, R. (2000). Charles Dickens Hard Times. Retrieved 27 August 2005, from http://www.pillowrock.com/ronnie/hardtimes.htm

Why Sports

Why Sports!! Why wouldn't you play a sport? Everyone has something that they like that they are good at. Whether you are good at skating on ice, throwing balls, hitting balls, running, etc. , there are many different sports to learn about and play including baseball, basketball, hockey, and football. Just by observing these sports you might see you're into one that you like. I say everyone should play a sport. First of all baseball is a terrific team sport. It is a simple sport in that there is a diamond of bases and an outfield.Your goal on offense is that you want to hit the ball so that you are safe on one of the bases (the bases go clockwise). If the ball gets to the person on the base before you get there then you are out. On defense you are put in a certain position and if the ball comes to you on the ground you must throw it to which ever base that the runner is running to. If the ball is hit in the air and it's caught then you are automatically out. There are nine innings in baseball. An inning is the period which each team hits once. Choose this sport if you like a nice, aggressive team game.Basketball is another simple sport that consists of two baskets and one ball. The first basketball hoop was made of peach buckets. The goal is to shoot the ball into the basket that your team is going at. Each basket is worth 2 points but if you shoot it from beyond the three point line then you get three points. There are certain rules like you can't hold on to the ball and run or it's traveling. And there are physical fouls like slapping and tripping stuff like that. If you get fouled then you get foul shots which count as one point. Choose this sport if you want to develop coordination.Football is a physical sport with hard hitting and a lot of running. Football was so popular that Galileo played it. The goal of this game is to get the football to the touchdown zone. If you accomplish this there then you get six points and then you can try for the extra point. F or the extra point you have to kick the football through the field goal. In this game there are downs. If you obtain a 4th down then you will lose the football but if you make it past you have to get past the line then you keep the ball with a first down. Choose this sport if you like a fast, hard hitting game.Now if none of hose sports interest you then you might like calmer sports like golf, bowling, swimming or cheerleaders. Or there are extreme sports like sky diving, mountain climbing, cliff diving, air kicking volcano surfing, etc. Will not go into deep detail with these sports but if you are interested then check them hope you will hopefully try one of these sports for yourself. Sports out. Are fun and good exercise for your body. And even if you don't do sports then try to go out an hour a day.

Philosophy The New Testament Essay

It is a well known fact that the Bible is at the head of the list of the most widely read books in the whole world. Moreover, it seems that with time the Bible only expands its range of influence as this text is being constantly examined by representatives of various religious groups, by historians, by philosophers, and by many other people. In this regard, what makes the Bible such a prolific and unique religious and historical text is its wide scope of significance and various patters of meaning in it which, depending on the employed analytical tools, can contain different messages within the same parts of the text. Let us on the example of the excerpt from the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament try to find out how meaning and significance are encoded in the Biblical texts, and what approaches readers can use to extract messages contained in these writings. The larger context of the chapter with the passage devoted to the question about the resurrection The excerpt that we are about to explain in a systematic way is tentatively called â€Å"The Question about the Resurrection† in the book of Kurt Aland â€Å"Synopsis of the Four Gospels†. Indeed, this part of the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of Mark is dealing with the question that at first might seem to undermine the very idea of resurrection, and is giving the answer of Jesus Christ to that apparent dilemma. However, before going into the details of the polemics between Christ and Sadducees, it would be helpful to consider the general content of the chapter, so that we could better appreciate the context in which the question about the resurrection is discussed. The excerpt about the resurrection issue is preceded by the mentioning that Jesus had started speaking in parables. In accordance with this, in the first part of the twelfth chapter the parable of the tenants is given, then a famous answer of Christ about paying of taxes to Caesar follows, then goes the question about the resurrection, and before its end the chapter also includes several other important teachings of Christ. What unites all of these sub-parts of the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of Mark is that most of them, including the question about the resurrection, give account of the immediate instances of communication of Christ with people who are integral participants of dialogs, so that their questions and answers shape the way Christ responds and teaches. Meaning conveyed by the form of the passage devoted to the question about the resurrection With this larger context of the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of Mark in mind, we can start the analysis of the excerpt devoted to the issue of the resurrection. The excerpt begins with the description of the provoking behavior of Sadducees, who, similarly to those who just before them had tried to provoke Jesus by asking about payment of taxes to Caesar, compose a sophisticated case against the plausibility of the resurrection. That Sadducees are characterized as those â€Å"who say that there is no resurrection† (Mark 12. 8) instantly suggests that their intent in not an honest inquiry, but a hidden desire to disprove the teaching of Jesus. Besides, the strict succession and logical structure of the formulation of their question makes us think that it had been prepared well in advance, maybe even specifically for this encounter with Christ. For example, the question as voiced by Sadducees begins with the phrase: â€Å". . . Teacher, Moses wrote for us that if . . . † (Mark 12. 18). In this way, while formally appealing to the wisdom of Christ as the teacher, Sadducees actually advance their own vision of things, and so, along with Pharisees and Herodians, are on one hand presented as tempters of Christ, and on the other hand may be viewed as representatives of the limited earthly wisdom. This impression is also bolstered by the artificiality of the case of a woman who had married seven brothers, which seems to be a very unlikely occasion, or at least the one extremely rare. Ironically, for the purpose of the argumentation Sadducees might well deal only with the example of two brothers and one wife, so the fact that they went as far as mentioning the seventh brother may be interpreted as bespeaking their blind striving for their self-assertion as intellectually superior to others, including Jesus Christ. In reality, it is exactly this type of arrogance that is often reproached by the Bible, and this part of the passage about the resurrection offers perhaps one of the best instances of such hidden criticism. However, for those who might omit this implicit negative stance towards the arrogance of Sadducees, an open criticism of their quasi-intellectualism voiced by Christ quickly follows. In his answer to Sadducees Christ does not allow them to draw him into the format of the discussion that Sadducees had striven to create to achieve their own aim of confusing Jesus, but rather outright rejects the very premises of their line of argumentation as the ones completely ignorant of the subject of the discussion. In this way, Christ is actually shown by the text to masterfully possess skills of argumentative dialogue as he is able to change the form of the dialogue, which is persuasively shown by the observation later in the text of the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of Mark that says: â€Å". . . And after that no one [including Sadducees] dared to ask him any question. . . † (Mark 12. 34). So, to summarize on this point, the changes in the form of the passage about the resurrection from what starts as an instance of communication presumably controlled by Sadducees into the one ultimately controlled by Christ carries in it the wider meaning directed at the instigation of readers to think by analogy, and to compare the form of the dialog between Sadducees and Christ with other passages in the Bible, and with instances from our everyday life. Significance of the content of the passage devoted to the question about the resurrection Aside from its instructive form, the passage about the resurrection is very important in terms of the significance of its content. In fact, this excerpt is devoted to one of the key notions of the very Christian religion in which the miracle of resurrection serves as the manifestation of the power of God to defeat even death. Therefore, any passage in the Bible that clarifies this conception is significant, not to mention excerpts akin to the one we are examining that directly deal with the matter of the resurrection. In this respect, the peculiarity of the contribution that the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of Mark makes to this issue is not so much that it tells us what is the resurrection, but that it rather provides Chirst`s explanation of what the resurrection is not. In the context of the question of Sadducees, Christ explains that it is wrong to apply to those who are dead the familiar earthly notion of marriage, because â€Å". . . when they rise from the dead, they neither marry nor are given in marriage. . . † (Mark 12. 25). In the line 27 Christ also points out that God is â€Å". . . not God the dead, but of the living. . . † (Mark 12. 27). It is this powerful denial of superficial views on the resurrection held by Sadducees that is the essence of Christ`s indignant response to the question about the resurrection and of his attempt to show that it is fundamentally ill-formulated. Moreover, in the studied passage we also can find some hints as to what the resurrection is like. Jesus briefly comments that after the dead are risen they â€Å"are like angels in heaven† (Mark 12. 25). Still, it seems that this characterization is simultaneously equally used to further bolster the description of what the resurrection is not, as the comparison of people who have been risen with angels carries the theme of the discussion away from the material world on which Sadducees seem to be overly focused. Thus, readers who seek explanations for some crucial religious ideas may view the studied passage that examines the question about the resurrection as primarily one of those parts of the Bible that provide the firsthand account of the theological aspects of teachings of Jesus Christ. Conclusion As we can see, the Bible, being the text that pretends to give an account of historical events and at the same time to send universal and timeless messages, indeed works on many levels that coexist within the same biblical texts, and mutually reinforce one another by enhancing their significance and by highlighting various patters of meaning that they contain. More specifically, in the passage devoted to the question of the resurrection the form of the text as if works to copy the conversational and emotional aspects of what might have been an actual argumentative tug of war between Sadducees and Christ in which Jesus had the final word. So, in this regard the Bible has the function of a historical document. At the same time, the content of this passage, which sheds light on the phenomenon of the resurrection, has the life of its own because this excerpt also has the function of a religious text that elucidates important elements of the Christian doctrine.

Weekly Reflection

I was comfortable with this weeks topic. Currently working in a Business Process Outsourcing (BOP) unit, economic cost concepts are part of my daily routine. Applying economic cost concepts is crucial to my Fortune 500 Company and the clients we serve. Forecasting and cost analysis is another vital part of my business for both process Improvement and staffing. Difficult Topics I did not quite get the economic cost concepts relating to equilibrium, but after further discussion with team members the comparison was understandable on how companies apply the demand and pricing of economic concepts In business sessions.Team members provided an explanation of Wall-Mart rollback pricing, and school tax-exempt weekend. This enabled me to grasp the concept. Consequently, In my opinion, applying economic cost concepts In making business decisions Is imperative for an organization within the company. In addition, the following factors are vital in decision-making pertaining to economic cost with in a business profit, capital, pricing, demand, forecasting, and cost analysis. Application In the Workplace As veterans, we can relate to how economic costs affect the military.In particular, deiced cost for active duty, retired, and disabled military members. For example, the military pays Injured members dillydally and medical expenses; however, the pay Is at the present rate of medical expenses but does not take Into account future payments at a higher cost. The military may consider reducing the cost of future pay, the variance Involving dillydally pay, and the member's future earnings. Conclusion In conclusion, Team Bi's discussion of the week two objectives was helpful In understanding the material for the week.The objectives for week two Include Identifying production level to maximize profits, explaining balancing fixed and variable costs, and applying economic cost concepts In making business decisions. By tripping another vital part of my business for both process improve ment and staffing. Companies apply the demand and pricing of economic concepts in business school tax-exempt weekend. This enabled me to grasp the concept. Consequently, in my opinion, applying economic cost concepts in making business decisions is capital, pricing, demand, forecasting, and cost analysis.Application in the Workplace he military pays injured members disability and medical expenses; however, the pay is at the present rate of medical expenses but does not take into account future the variance involving disability pay, and the member's future earnings. In conclusion, Team Bi's discussion of the week two objectives was helpful in understanding the material for the week. The objectives for week two include identifying production level to maximize profits, explaining balancing fixed and variable costs, and applying economic cost concepts in making business decisions.

Art History: Filippo Brunelleschi Scuptor and Architect of the Renaissan

Filippo Brunelleschi was one of the greatest sculptors and architects of the Renaissance. His architectural achievements consist of some of the most well known and impressive structures not only of the Renaissance, but today. Not only were his structures amazing, but during his time he also invented new technology that would allow for his structures to be built. What would happen if Brunelleschi never designed architecture? We would have lost his inventions, his structures, and all of the work he inspired in other artists. Brunelleschi’s career path changed from sculpture to architecture after his loss to Ghiberti during the competition for the Eastern Doors of the Florentine Baptistery. If Brunelleschi had won that competition, architecture and art in the Renaissance, and even today would have been negatively affected. To understand how Brunelleschi came to be the artist he is, you need to look back to his childhood. Brunelleschi, during his youth, was showing that he was already capable of great things. His great-great-grandfather was a master physician, so there we can see evidence of technical skills being passed down. Brunelleschi’s father tried to push him into various career paths which didn’t involve art, such as being a physician, and a notary, but Brunelleschi showed little interest and was more drawn to manual labor, art, and things of greater utility. Utility by definition is the quality or state of being useful. We will eventually see several useful things come from Brunelleschi. His father realized that his son was going to do what he wanted, so he introduced him to a goldsmith where he learned to set stones and work with metal, which he quickly mastered and moved away from. He then moved... ... middle of paper ... ...ay have never discovered the secret to linear perspective, which was later used by not only architects, but painters as well, such as Masaccio's Holy Trinity fresco in 1427. All of the art that was ever inspired by Brunelleschi wouldn’t be here today. Brunelleschi barely lost the competition for the eastern doors of the Baptistry, and that may have been the most defining moment of the Renaissance. Annotated Bibliography Paatz, Walter. The arts of the Italian Renaissance: painting, sculpture, architecture. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1974. Partridge, Loren W.. The art of Renaissance Rome, 1400-1600. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1996. Turner, Richard. Renaissance Florence: the invention of a new art. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1997. Vasari, Giorgio. Lives of the painters, sculptors architects. London, Toronto: J.M. Dent, 1927.

Messiah Handel's Messiah Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Messiah Handel's Messiah - Term Paper Example Community, school, collegiate and church choirs are still performing parts of this Oratorio today as an expression of a great celebration, especially during the season of advent. Oratorios are considered sacred operas, so performing parts of them in contemporary times would indicate that liturgical celebrations acknowledge the rich traditions of the baroque era as performed in churches on special events. In listening from the examples from the listening guide on Handel’s Messiah, one is able to identify specific ways and examples where the music supports and describes (text paints) the words through the pitch, intonation, spacing used by the soloist and accompanied by the violin, harpsichord and the cello. The distinct movements of the vocal and the intensity or loudness was prominent to express the words being sung. High quality exudes from the distinctive overtones heard from the violins and other musical instruments of the